Psychology of Motivation, Behavior, and Health

Introduction and Aim: Crossed syndrome is a postural dysfunction pattern to describe the muscles of the shoulder girdle or thoracic-cervical region of the body. As a result, the present research wa conducted with the aim of comparison the electromyographic activity timing of scapular stabilizer muscles in arm abduction, flexion, and scaption motor planes in men with upper crossed syndrome abnormalities and healthy.

Methodology: This research was a causal-comparative. The population of the present research included non-athletic male students aged 18 to 28 years at the University of Tehran. The sample of this study included 44 people in two groups of men with upper crossed syndrome abnormalities and healthy (22 people in each group) who based on the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling. In this research to collect data were used instruments such as scales, height gauges, checkerboard, flexible ruler, scoliometer, digital camera and tripod, metronome, electromyography device, and electrodes. After the initial assessment and screening session, electromyography assessments were performed using a 16-channel device, model ME6000, manufactured by Mega Electronics Company. To analyze the data of the present study was used the independent t-test in SPSS version 26 software.

Findings: The results of this study indicated that there was no significant difference between men with upper crossed syndrome abnormalities and healthy in terms of age, height, and weight (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between them in terms of head forward, shoulder forward, and dorsal hyperkyphosis (P<0.001). Also, the activity timing of the middle and lower trapezius muscles of men with upper crossed syndrome abnormalities compared to healthy was delayed in all three abduction, flexion, and scaption motor planes (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between them in terms of the activity timing of the upper trapezius muscle and anterior dentate muscle in all three motor planes (P>0.05).

Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, there is a need to use corrective exercise movements to accelerate the activity of the middle and lower trapezius muscles in men with upper crossed syndrome abnormalities in all three abduction, flexion, and scaption motor planes.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused psychotherapy and mindfulness-based psychotherapy on childbirth stress and self-esteem in pregnant women. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and experimental method, quasi-experimental with a control group, pre-test-post-test. The statistical population included all pregnant women (gestational age 20 to 37) referred to Qamar Bani Hashem Hospital (AS) in 1403-104. The sampling method was available and the sample size was 45 people. Harman's Fear of Childbirth Questionnaire (1988) and Cooper Smith's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (1967) were used to collect data. In this study, mindfulness-based psychotherapy training sessions taken from Rebecca's book (2009) were held in 8 90-minute sessions, two days a week, and the sessions of the Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) protocol by Greenberg et al. (2009) were held in 8 40-minute sessions, one session a week. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that emotion-focused psychotherapy has an effect on childbirth stress in pregnant women with an effect size of 0.42. And reduces childbirth stress. Emotion-focused psychotherapy has an effect on self-esteem in pregnant women with an effect size of 0.46 and increases self-esteem. Mindfulness-based psychotherapy has an effect on childbirth stress in pregnant women with an effect size of 0.47. And reduces childbirth stress. Mindfulness-based psychotherapy has an effect on self-esteem in pregnant women with an effect size of 0.49 and increases self-esteem. Conclusion: The effectiveness of mindfulness treatment on childbirth stress variables has a greater effect on self-esteem.

Introduction and Aim: Children's oppositional defiant can cause a decline in affective capital and parent-child relationships of mothers. Therefore, the aim of this study was determine the effectiveness of eclectic parenting on affective capital and parent-child relationships of mothers of children with oppositional defiant.

Methodology: The present study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The research population was all mothers of children with oppositional defiant (along with their children) referred to three child counseling and psychotherapy centers of Isfahan city in the autumn seasion of 2024 year. From among the members of the population, 40 mothers and children were selected using a available sampling method and randomly assigned into two equal groups. The experimental group trained 9 sessions of 75 to 95 minutes with the eclectic parenting method, and the control group did not receive training. Data were collected using the Affective Capital Questionnaire (Golparvar, 2016) and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992) and analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-26 software.

Findings: The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that eclectic parenting in compared to the control group significantly increased affective capital (P<0.001), but had no significant effect on parent-child relationships (P>0.05). Also, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the amount of affective capital and parent-child relationships increased significantly from the pre-test to the post-test and follow-up stages and from the post-test to the follow-up stage (P<0.001).

Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the eclectic parenting method can be used as an effective method alongside other educational methods to improve the affective capital of mothers of children with oppositional defiant.

Introduction and Aim: Distress tolerance plays an effective role in improving cognitive, emotional, and social states of individuals, and there are many treatment methods in this field. Therefore, the present study wa conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on distress tolerance of male students.

Methodology: This research was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up design with a control group. The research population was all male high school students in public schools of Sabzevar city in the 2023-2024 academic year. The sample size for each group was considered 15 people, who were selected using cluster sampling method and randomly assigned into three equal groups including two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group received 10 sessions of 90 minute by reality therapy and the second experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minute by acceptance and commitment therapy, and during this period the control group did not receive any intervention. The present research instrument included a demographic information form and a Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons and Gaher, 2005). The data of this study were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test methods in SPSS version 24 software.

Findings: The results of the present research indicated that both reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in compared to the control group increased the components of distress tolerance, including tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation in male students, and the results were maintained at the follow-up stage (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the aforementioned treatment methods in any of the components of distress tolerance in them (P>0.05).

Conclusion: According to the results of this research, health professionals and therapists can use both reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy along with other treatment methods to increase distress tolerance in students.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic and complex pain disorder that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. Psychological treatments, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), have been recognized as the most effective methods in managing the symptoms of this disease. The present study compared the effectiveness of CBT, ACT, and MBSR group therapies to find the most effective psychological treatment.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) groups on the impact of the disease in women with fibromyalgia.

Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a three-month follow-up period with three experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population studied in this study consisted of women with fibromyalgia syndrome referring to rheumatologists in Shiraz in the summer and fall of 2024. 84 people were selected by an accessible method and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 21 people: cognitive-behavioral group therapy (8 sessions), acceptance and commitment group therapy (8 sessions), mindfulness-based stress reduction group therapy (8 sessions), and a control group. The research tool included the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) by Robert Bennett (2009). The research data were analyzed using the analysis of variance method with a mixed design and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-26 software.

Findings: The results showed that the two cognitive-behavioral therapies and acceptance and commitment are more effective in reducing the effects of fibromyalgia syndrome, while mindfulness-based stress reduction, despite reducing the scores on the questionnaire, did not create a significant difference in the scores of fibromyalgia effects.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy and then acceptance and commitment therapy have the greatest impact on the dimensions of fibromyalgia effects. These interventions can be used in designing comprehensive and psychological treatment programs for patients with fibromyalgia.

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on parent-child conflict and peer rejection in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The present study method is a semi-experimental and applied study that was conducted with a pre-test-post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Sari in 2014. The research sample was 30 people selected using purposive sampling and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The research tools included the Fine, J. Moreland, and Andershobel Parental Conflict Questionnaire (1983) and the Tahmasian Peer Rejection Test (2005) along with the Shahriar Doost Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy Intervention Protocol (2015). Descriptive and inferential statistics including multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to analyze the data, and all statistical operations were performed using SPSS 27 software. The findings of the study showed that cognitive-behavioral play therapy is effective on parent-child conflict in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The effect of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on peer rejection in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was also confirmed. Finally, the results showed that cognitive-behavioral play therapy is effective on parent-child conflict and peer rejection in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Introduction and Aim: Transformational leadership plays an effective role in improving organizational behaviors and creating a competitive advantage for the organization. As a result, this research was conducted with the aim of the role of emotional intelligence on transformational leadership of educational departments managers of Farhangian University.

Methodology: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive from type correlational in terms of implementation method. The population of the present research was the educational departments managers of Farhangian University campuses in Tehran and Alborz provinces, which all of them were selected as samples using census sampling method. The research tools included the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Goleman, 2001) and Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 2000). The data of this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression in SPSS software.

Findings: The findings of the present study showed that the contribution of emotional intelligence in predicting transformational leadership was 51%, and the contribution of emotional intelligence components including self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management in predicting transformational leadership was 18, 24, 15, and 38%, respectively, in the educational departments managers of Farhangian University (P<0.01).

Conclusion: The results of this research showed that emotional intelligence played an effective role in predicting transformational leadership of educational departments managers of Farhangian University. Therefore, to improve transformational leadership can seek to improve emotional intelligence through training courses and workshops.

Introduction and Aim: Hypertension is a common, chronic and dangerous disease with physical and psychological complications. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigate gender differences in body mass index, depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension.

Methodology: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and cross-sectional in terms of method. The research population was patients with hypertension referred to Taleghani Hospital of Tehran city. The sample of this study was 200 patients with hypertension (100 women and 100 men) who were selected by available sampling method. The research instruments included a Dial Sphygmomanometer, Dial Mechanical Scale, Metal Tape Meter and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (Laviebond and Laviebond, 1995). The data of this study were analyzed by analysis of variance in SPSS software.

Findings: The results of the present research showed that women with hypertension in compared to men with hypertension had a higher depression and body mass index and lower anxiety (P<0.001).

Conclusion: The results of this research indicated that there are gender differences in body mass index, depression and anxiety in patients with hypertension. Therefore, design and implementation practical and targeted psychological interventions based on gender is necessary to for different physical, emotional, and mental characteristics.