The Effectiveness of Positive Mindfulness Training on Cognitive Flexibility and Self-Compassion among Adolescents in Babol

Abstract

Introduction and Aim: Adolescence is considered one of the most sensitive developmental periods due to simultaneous cognitive, emotional, and social changes, and strengthening constructs such as cognitive flexibility and self-compassion may play a critical role in adolescents’ mental health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positive mindfulness training on cognitive flexibility and self-compassion among 15–18-year-old female adolescents in Babol.

Methodology: This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a non-equivalent control group. The statistical population consisted of all 15–18-year-old female adolescents in Babol in 2025. Using cluster sampling and screening procedures, 30 participants were selected and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (15 participants in each group). Research instruments included the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) and the Self-Compassion Scale developed by Raes (2011). The experimental group received eight 60-minute sessions of positive mindfulness training based on the protocol developed by Ivtzan and Lomas (2016), while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that positive mindfulness training had a significant effect on cognitive flexibility and self-compassion among adolescents (P<0.01). Significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups at the posttest stage. The findings demonstrated that the intervention significantly improved components of cognitive flexibility, including alternatives, control, and behavioral alternatives, as well as components of self-compassion, including self-kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity. Furthermore, the results revealed that the intervention showed the greatest effectiveness on the mindfulness/over-identification component.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that positive mindfulness training can serve as an effective psychological intervention for enhancing cognitive flexibility and self-compassion among adolescents. By increasing nonjudgmental awareness, reducing rumination, and fostering a supportive attitude toward oneself, this intervention may contribute to improved psychological adjustment and emotional well-being in adolescents. Therefore, implementing this approach in schools and counseling centers may play an important role in promoting adolescent mental health.